The Vietnam Competitiveness Initiative (VNCI) and Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI) conducted a research study on provinces’ quality of local economic governance in support of private sector development. The study was meant to identify areas where provinces could improve their business environment. VCCI started the first survey of private firms in 2005, asking them to provide their assessment of provinces according to various indicators related to business environment for the private sector, such as entry costs, access to land, transparency and accountability, etc.